Acid Reflux During Pregnancy

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs in up to 50% of pregnant women. Many women experience heartburn for the first time during pregnancy — and though it's common and generally harmless, it can be quite uncomfortable.

Heartburn (also called acid indigestion or acid reflux) is a burning sensation that often extends from the bottom of the breastbone to the lower throat. It's caused by some of the hormonal and physical changes in your body.

During pregnancy, the placenta produces the hormone progesterone, which relaxes the smooth muscles of the uterus. This hormone also relaxes the valve that separates the esophagus from the stomach, allowing gastric acids to seep back up, which causes that unpleasant burning sensation. Additionally, the growing fetus causes an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, resulting in an increase in the development of reflux.

Progesterone also slows down the wavelike contractions of your esophagus and intestines, making digestion sluggish. Later in pregnancy, your growing baby crowds your abdominal cavity, pushing the stomach acids back up into the esophagus.

Many women start experiencing heartburn and other gastrointestinal discomforts in the second half of pregnancy. Unfortunately, it usually comes and goes until your baby is born.

It can be tough when you get pregnant. Acid reflux during pregnancy can be one problem that you will have to take care of. The discomforts are common when you are pregnant and some time you may even get pain. You can not use medicine since you are now pregnant. Most of medicines are not tested to the pregnant ladies to prove their safety. They can not do that. You have to bear in mind that using medicines is not safe.

What Causes Acid Reflux During Pregnancy?

Acid reflux during pregnancy can make it difficult for you to get the nutrition you need for yourself and your growing baby. The causes of acid reflux during pregnancy include changes in your hormone levels, the position of your internal organs and your dietary habits. What causes acid reflux during pregnancy.

1. Prenatal Vitamins. Taking prenatal vitamins may irritate your throat and stomach and cause you to have acid reflux.
2. Hormones. Heartburn during pregnancy occurs for a number of reasons. Increased levels of hormones in your body while pregnant can soften the ligaments that normally keep the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tightly closed. If the LES relaxes at inappropriate times, food and stomach acids can reflux back up into your esophagus and throat. Also more pressure is put on your stomach as your body changes and your baby grows. This, in turn, can force stomach contents through the LES and into your esophagus.
3. Foods. Your food cravings during pregnancy may cause acid reflux, especially if you eat greasy, fatty or spicy foods.
4. Caffeine. Although you may not be drinking coffee while pregnant, the caffeine in chocolate, hot cocoa and black tea may cause you to have acid reflux.
5. Eating Too Much. During pregnancy, the capacity of your stomach is smaller and acid reflux may result from eating too much at once.
6. Fetal Position. The position of your baby may trigger your acid reflux, especially once your baby turns head down and the feet push into your ribs.
7. Uterine Growth. As your uterus gets larger in the last few months of pregnancy, it pushes your other internal organs into a smaller amount of space, resulting in acid reflux.
   

source : Mayo Clinic

How to prevent or Treat Acid Reflux during Pregnancy?

What can be done to prevent or treat gastroesophageal reflux disease in pregnancy? Lifestyle modifications can prevent increases in intra-abdominal pressure and decreases in lower esophageal sphincter pressure that promote reflux. Here's a list of both ways to prevent and treat gastroesophageal reflux in pregnancy. Though you may not be able to eliminate heartburn completely, you can take some steps to minimize your discomfort.

1. Don't eat foods that are known heartburn triggers. These include chocolate, citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes and tomato-based products, mustard, vinegar, mint products, and spicy, highly seasoned, fried, and fatty foods. For a complete list of foods to avoid, check out this chart. For foods that have a low risk of causing heartburn, check out this chart.
2. Avoiding caffeine (coffee, tea, cola), chocolate and peppermints. These food groups all lead to a decrease in lower esophageal sphincter pressure.
3. Avoid alcohol. Alcohol relaxes the LES. Read the article on alcohol and heartburn for more information.
4. Chewing gum. This increases saliva production and swallowing frequency, which can help clear away acid that has refluxed from the stomach into the esophagus. A clear reduction in acidic esophageal reflux has been documented in patients who chewed sugar-free gum for 30 minutes after a meal.
5. Avoid drinking large quantities of fluids during meals — you don't want to distend your stomach. (It's important to drink eight to ten glasses of water daily during pregnancy, but sip it between meals.)
6. Eating frequent, small meals. Eating smaller meals empties the stomach more rapidly. Eating more frequently increases stomach contractions. If the stomach is contracting and empty this will decrease the incidence of reflux. After meals, pregnant women are not supposed to lie down.
7. Don't eat close to bedtime. Give yourself two to three hours to digest before you lie down.
8. Don't rush through your meals. Take your time eating, and chew thoroughly.
9. Wait at least three hours after your last meal before going to bed.
10. It's important to drink plenty of water during pregnancy (8-10 glasses daily) along with other fluids, but don't drink these only at mealtimes. Large quantities of fluids can distend your stomach, putting more pressure on the LES and forcing it to open inappropriately. Drink some of your fluids in between meals.
11. You need to make your head higher than your body. Use the wedge pillow or elevate the head of your bed 6-8 inches higher. This means the two feet of your upper part must be elevated while sleeping. This will allow gravity to work for you and it will help keep your stomach acids where they should be--in your stomach and not in your esophagus. Acid reflux during pregnacy can be greatly reduced by the right sleeping position in the pregnant women. Studies have documented that, as compared with patients who sleep flat on their backs, patients who elevate the head of the bed have significantly fewer reflux episodes, and when they do, the episodes that do occur are shorter and produce generally milder symptoms.
12. Occasionally, reclining chair may be needed if you want a day nap.
13. Wear loose, comfortable clothing. You need to avoid any tightness around your waist and stomach.
14. Bend at the knees instead of at the waist. Bending at the waist puts more pressure on your stomach.
15. Lying on one's left side at night. Sleeping on the left side as opposed to the right side may reduce the frequency and duration of reflux episodes in patients prone to symptoms during the night. It is felt that there are more frequent episodes of decreases in lower esophageal sphincter pressure when patients lie on the left side as opposed to the right side.
16. Gain a sensible amount of weight and stay within the guidelines your doctor suggests. Too much of a weight, and obesity, puts more pressure on your stomach, and can force stomach contents through the LES and into your esophagus.
17. Don't smoke. While your doctor may urge you break the habit because you're pregnant, smoking can also increase your odds of experiencing heartburn. Read about smoking and heartburn to find out the reasons smoking increases heartburn.
18. You should always check with your doctor before taking any over-the-counter remedies while pregnant, but there are a few choices you have that can help eliminate heartburn.
19. You can try Rolaids, Maalox or Tums. However, anything that contains sodium bicarbonate can cause fluid retention and should only be used under the supervision of a physician. During the third trimester, any antacid that contains magnesium should be avoided because they have been known to interfere with contractions.
20. Antacids such as Mylanta and Maalox are effective and very safe as they are not absorbed into the bloodstream.
21. H2 blockers Zantac, Pepcid and Tagamet are effective. These medicines include Pepcid AC and Zantac. While they are absorbed into the bloodstream, studies have not revealed any adverse effects on the developing fetus. H2 receptors work by shutting off the production of acid in the stomach and are effective in cases of mild reflux. H2 receptors: They are relatively inexpensive and provide longer-lasting relief than antacids. Women take them a half-hour before meals or at bedtime.
22. Proton pump inhibitors Nexium, Aciphex and Prevacid should be used only in severe cases that are not responsive to H2 blockers. While they are felt to be safe, there are no long-term studies available confirming this.
    

In most cases, acid reflux is easily treated, even in pregnancy. If there are however, more refractory symptoms that result in complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, difficulty swallowing or weight loss, your obstetrician may refer you to a gastroenterologist. Other conditions such as gallbladder disease, pancreatitis or even cancers of the esophagus and stomach can mimic gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Beware of:

* Tomatoes and Related Sauces (Pizza, Spaghetti, etc.)

* Ketchup

* Mustard

* Horseradish

* Salad Dressings

* Vinegar

* Fried Foods

* Caffeine

* Coffee and Tea (Even decaffeinated products can instigate acid production).

* Chocolate

* Citrus Juices/Foods

* Caffeine

* Products flavored with peppermint (candy, cocoa, etc.)

* Processed Meats

* Cream Sauces (Alfredo)

* Alcohol and Tobacco (Of Course)

Pregnancy is something to be celebrated but it can also be an overwhelming state. If you arm yourself with these remedies for acid reflux during pregnancy you’ll be prepared regardless of what Mother Nature throws your way.

Remember that an increased incidence of GERD episodes during pregnancy is quite common and there are many preventative measures that you can take to avoid those annoying and painful occurrences. The changes may seem small but, collectively, they will make a big difference.

Reflux Medications Taken During Pregnancy Linked to Asthma in Children
By : Jan Gambino

A new study indicates that moms who took reflux medications during pregnancy may increase the risk of having a child with asthma symptoms. The study, presented at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology this week examined the health records of 30,000 children. It was found that mothers who took prescription reflux medications such as H2 blockers (Zantac, Axid, Pepcid, and Tagament) and Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI's) such as Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec, and Aciphex were significantly more likely (51%) to have a child with asthma symptoms such as wheezing. The study did not look at the effect of taking over the counter antacid medications.

It is estimated that approximately half of all pregnant mothers experience reflux symptoms during pregnancy. However, my own survey of moms indicates that the statistic is closer to 100%! My small frame combined with over sized babies gave me my first real experience with what heartburn and reflux felt like. I remember eating like a bird and propping up my pillows at night so I could sleep. Along with stretch marks and hormone swings, I accepted heartburn as part of the package deal.


Sources:

- "Healthy Pregnancy - Pregnancy - Pregnancy Basics." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 21 Jan 2007

- "Heartburn, Hiatal Hernia, and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)." NIH Publication No. 03­0882 June 2003. NIH Publication No. 03­0882 June 2003. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). 21 Jan 2007

- remedyforheartburn.
- healthcentral
- foxnews
- babycenter
- acid-reflux-tips

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Infant Acid Reflux Alternative Treatments

GInfants are being diagnosed and treated for reflux at an alarming rate these days. Prior to, or in addition to medicating your baby you may want to try some alternative treatments for infant reflux.



Positioning as an alternative treatment for infant reflux

Positioning is one alternative treatment that even Western Medicine recognizes. When feeding, the baby should be as upright as possible with a straight spine. Ideally the baby should be in this position for 30-60 minutes after feeding and while sleeping. Find out about reflux wedges that make this an easy task. We especially love the feeding and sleeping wedge combination. During the middle of the night feed the baby upright on a feeding wedge and then put him on a sleeping wedge. You go right back to sleep rather than holding him upright for 60 minutes!

Infant massage as an alternative treatment for infant reflux

In addition to general relaxation, it is believed that massage stimulates the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve increases peristalsis which assists in digestion. Seek a certified Infant Massage Instructor. When practicing massage, be sure to start slowly and listen to your baby. Never attempt to massage a baby without first referring to a book on infant massage. This is also a great way to calm a baby with infant reflux.

Craniosacral or Chiropractor visits as an alternative treatment for infant reflux

It is believed that the process of being carried in the womb or the process of birth (namely C-section or very quick vaginal delivery) can cause imbalances in the central nervous system. Craniosacral treatments are very light fingertip adjustments that correct restrictions in the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cords. Chiropractor adjustments on infants are also very gentle adjustments on certain parts of the spine typically using a single fingertip or small tool to correct the vertebras positioning and allow the nerve pathways to function efficiently. I have heard of these treatments working with great success for some and with limited to no success for others. We saw moderate improvement in my son's infant reflux.

Slippery Elm as an alternative treatment for infant reflux

Slippery Elm has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for gastrointestinal symptoms. It works by coating and soothing the gastrointestinal tract and throat. The theory is that this helps prevent burning that stomach acid can cause. The powder can be brewed into a tea and the capsules can be mixed in with applesauce once your baby begins to eat solids. See www.ajc.com for dosing guidelines and more background information. Because it is so mucilaginous it should not be offered at the same time as other medications. I used this with my son and believe it to be helpful. Please note this will not affect the frequency or amount your baby spits up but it helps to make him more comfortable when it does happen, much like an antacid or an H2RA.

Other alternative treatment mentions

I have heard of the following alternative treatments for infant reflux, although I have no experience with them:

• Mastica
• Aloe Vera juice
• Licorice
• Kinesiology
• Accupuncture
  

Resource:
- Pollywog

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Infant Acid Reflux Disease

Infant acid reflux occurs when acids and other materials in the stomach flow back into the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat with the stomach. Normally, the esophagus contracts to move food from the throat into the stomach. A tough rim of muscle, called the esophageal sphincter, opens to allow food out of the esophagus, and then contracts tightly to prevent it from re-entering the esophagus. In infant acid reflux, the esophageal sphincter does not work properly, and the acid flows backwards into the esophagus, causing the infant discomfort. Acid reflux is not at all uncommon in infants--up to have of all babies may experience it occasionally.

Most of these babies are healthy and require no special medical intervention. Symptoms of occasional infant acid reflux may include spitting or vomiting, coughing, occasional fussiness or crying after eating (acid reflux can cause an unpleasant burning sensation in the chest and throat), and reluctance to feed due to discomfort.

What Are the Symptoms of Acid Reflux in Infants and Children?

The most common symptoms are:

• Frequent or recurrent vomiting
• Heartburn, gas, abdominal pain, or colicky behavior (frequent crying and fussiness)
• Regurgitation and re-swallowing
• Spitting up or gulping with a painful look on the face, as if heartburn
• Irritability during or after feedings
• Projectile vomit, sometimes out the nose
• Sour breath
• Persistent hiccups or cough
• Excessive fussiness, crying or colic
• Sudden bursts of painful crying
• Poor day and/or nighttime sleep habits
• Constantly wants to nurse or refuses to nurse
• Poor feeding habits - arches back, pulls up legs, stiffens or screams while feeding or refuses to eat while still hungry
• Prefers upright or inclined positions
• Always wants to be held

In young infants and children, some problems may be associated with GERD and include:

• Colic (frequent crying and fussiness)
• Feeding problems
• Recurrent choking or gagging
• Poor growth
• Breathing problems
• Recurrent wheezing
• Recurrent pneumonia
  

When to see a doctor?

Normal infant acid reflux doesn't interfere with a baby's growth or well-being. Contact your baby's doctor if your baby:

• Isn't gaining weight
• Spits up forcefully, causing stomach contents to shoot out of his or her mouth
• Spits up more than a tablespoon or two at a time
• Spits up green or brown fluid
• Resists feedings
• Is irritable after feedings but improves when held upright
• Has fewer wet diapers than normal or appears lethargic
• Has other signs of illness, such as fever, diarrhea or difficulty breathing
  

Some of these signs may indicate more serious conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or pyloric stenosis. GERD is a severe version of reflux that can cause pain, vomiting and poor weight gain. Pyloric stenosis is a rare condition in which a narrowed valve between the stomach and the small intestine prevents stomach contents from emptying into the small intestine.

What causes Acid Reflux in infants ?

Reflux in infants is due to a poorly coordinated gastrointestinal tract. Many infants with the condition are otherwise healthy; however, some infants can have problems affecting their nerves, brain or muscles.

Normally, the ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (lower esophageal sphincter) relaxes and opens only when you swallow. Otherwise, it's tightly closed — keeping stomach contents where they belong. Until this muscle matures, stomach contents may occasionally flow up the esophagus and out of your baby's mouth. Sometimes air bubbles in the esophagus may push liquid out of your baby's mouth. In other cases, your baby may simply drink too much, too fast.

Tests and Diagnosis

Diagnosis of infant acid reflux is typically based on your baby's symptoms and a physical exam. If your baby is healthy, content and growing well, tests and treatment aren't usually needed.

If your baby's doctor suspects a more serious condition, such as GERD, diagnostic tests may include:

1. Lab tests. Your baby's doctor may do various blood and urine tests to identify or rule out possible causes of recurring vomiting and poor weight gain.
2. Esophageal pH monitoring. To determine if irritability, sleep disturbances or other symptoms are associated with reflux, it may be helpful to measure the acidity in your baby's esophagus. The doctor will insert a thin tube through your baby's nose or mouth into the esophagus. The tube is attached to a device that monitors acidity. Your baby may need to remain in the hospital for the monitoring, which often lasts 24 hours.
3. Barium swallow or Upper GI series. If the doctor suspects a gastrointestinal obstruction, he or she may recommend a series of X-rays known as an upper gastrointestinal (GI) series. Before the X-rays, your baby may drink a white, chalky liquid (barium). The barium coats the stomach, which helps any abnormalities show up more clearly on the X-rays.
4. Upper GI Endoscopy. Your baby's doctor may use this procedure to identify or rule out problems in the esophagus, such as narrowing (stricture) or inflammation (esophagitis). The doctor will insert a special tube equipped with a camera lens and light through your baby's mouth into the esophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine. Samples of any suspicious areas may be taken for analysis. For infants and children, endoscopy is usually done under general anesthesia.
   
5. Gastric emptying study. During this test, the child drinks milk or eats food mixed with a safe radioactive chemical. This chemical is followed through the gastrointestinal tract using a special camera.
   

Treatments and drugs for Infant Acid Reflux

Most cases of infant acid reflux clear up on their own. Treatment is typically limited to simple changes in feeding technique — such as smaller, more frequent feedings, interrupting feedings to burp or holding your baby upright during feedings. If you're breast-feeding, your baby's doctor may suggest that you avoid cow's milk or certain other foods. If you feed your baby formula, sometimes switching brands helps.

For babies who have severe infant acid reflux or GERD, more aggressive treatment may be recommended.

1. Medication. If your baby is uncomfortable, the doctor may prescribe infant doses of medications commonly used to treat heartburn in adults. The two major pharmacotherapies are H2-blockers and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), both of which are effective in decreasing acid secretion and have been used safely in children. H2-blockers include cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid) and nizatidine (Axid). PPIs include omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), pantoprazole (Protonix) or rabeprazole (Aciphex). Another group of drugs, prokinetics, can be prescribed to increase motility. These are usually given with medications that inhibit the acid. Examples are metaclopramide (Reglan) and cisapride (Propulsid). Antacids may be tried first in children with mild symptoms.
2. Alternative feeding methods. If your baby isn't growing well, higher calorie feedings or a feeding tube may be recommended.
3. Surgery. Rarely, the muscle that relaxes to let food into the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) must be surgically tightened so that less acid is likely to flow back into the esophagus. The procedure, known as fundoplication, is usually reserved for the few babies who have reflux severe enough to interfere with breathing or prevent growth. Although surgery can reduce GERD symptoms, the complications are potentially serious — including persistent gagging during feedings.
   

Resource:
- By Mayo Clinic staff
- Medicinenet.

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Gastrointestinal Gas | Digestive Disorders That Cause Gas

What Is Gastrointestinal Gas?

Everybody has gas in his or her digestive tract (the esophagus, stomach, small intestine/bowel, and large intestine/bowel). The amount of gas varies and there is a wide range of normal (7-14 Tbsp. or 100-200 ml). What this gas is made up of and how it is distributed through the intestines are determined by how it is produced, how it moves through various areas of the bowel, and how it is eliminated

Intestinal gas can occur in the stomach and upper intestine if you swallow air while eating, drinking or chewing gum. Intestinal gas related to swallowed air is usually passed by burping or belching.

Intestinal gas can also form in the lower, or large, intestine (colon) as a normal byproduct of the bacterial breakdown of undigested food. Intestinal gas related to bacterial action is made up of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and sometimes methane, and is usually passed through your rectum (flatulence).

Most people pass gas rectally several times a day as a normal part of daily activities and food breakdown. Sometimes, excessive intestinal gas can indicate a digestive disorder.

What Causes of Gastrointestinal Gas?

But what causes these noisy, embarrassing, and sometimes foul-smelling eruptions? And is there a way to prevent them? There are several ways by which gas enters the body or is produced by it, and several ways that the body can dispose of it.

Gas enters the digestive tract through:

1. Swallowing of air. People swallow air to varying extents. We get rid of some of the swallowed air by belching. The rest is passed into the intestines. You can increase the chances of swallowing air by:
* Smoking
* Chewing gum
* Drinking through a straw
* Sucking on hard candies
* Drinking a lot of carbonated beverages
* Eating or drinking too quickly
* Wearing loose dentures

2. Back-passage of gas from the blood stream into the intestines.

3. The production of gas through chemical reactions within the intestines.

4. As a by-product of the fermentation of food by intestinal bacteria.

5. Foods. What Foods Cause Gas? The foods that are likely to cause gas are carbohydrates. This is because carbohydrates pass through the gastrointestinal tract mostly undigested. When carbohydrates enter the colon they are further broken down by bacterial
fermentation. This fermentation can generate gas. The processing of fats and proteins cause little gas.

The following foods are likely to cause gas:

* Starches: Starch is a carbohydrate. Starches such as potatoes, corn,noodles, and wheat all produce gas.

* Dietary Fiber: Fiber is a complex carbohydrate present in edible plants. Though fiber can temporarily cause gas, fiber is important for stoolproduction and regularity. Dietary fiber is divided into two types: Insoluble and Soluble.

• Insoluble Fiber: Insoluble fiber is found in fruit and vegetable peels, corn, and wheat bran. Insoluble fiber swells up with fluids and helps to create volume and moisture in the stools. However, since it is not further broken down by bacteria it produces little gas.
• Soluble Fiber: Soluble fiber is found in the flesh of fruits and vegetables, seeds, legumes, oats, some grains and can be found in high concentrations in dried fruit. Bacteria is able to break soluble fiber down into a gel that helps to make stools moist, soft and flexible. This bacterial activity can generate gas.

* Sugars: Sugar is a carbohydrate. Sugar can cause gas. The sugars that cause gas are raffinose, lactose, fructose, and sorbitol. Sources of these sugars are:

• Raffinose: Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains.
• Lactose: Lactose is the natural sugar in milk and milk products such as cheese and ice cream. It is also found in many processed foods, such as bread, cereal, and salad dressing. Some people have low levels of the enzyme lactase that is needed in order to digest lactose. This can result in gas. With age, enzyme levels may decrease. As a result, some people may experience increasing amounts of gas after eating foods containing lactose.
• Fructose: Fructose is a natural sugar present in onions, artichokes,pears, grapes and wheat. It is also used as a sweetener in some soft drinks and fruit drinks.
• Sorbitol: Sorbitol is a natural sugar found in fruits, such as apples, pears, peaches, and prunes. Sorbitol is also used as an artificial sweetener in many of the diet industry foods. It can also be found in “sugar free” candy and gum.
  

Excessive production of gas

Excessive production of gas by bacteria is a common cause of intermittent abdominal bloating/distention. Bacteria can produce too much gas in three ways:

1. First, the amount of gas that bacteria produce varies from individual to individual. In other words, some individuals may have bacteria that produce more gas, either because there are more of the bacteria or because their particular bacteria are better at producing gas.
2. Second, there may be poor digestion and absorption of foods in the small intestine, allowing more undigested food to reach the bacteria in the colon. The more undigested food the bacteria have, the more gas they produce. Examples of diseases of that involve poor digestion and absorption include lactose intolerance, pancreatic insufficiency, and celiac disease.
3. Third, bacterial overgrowth can occur in the small intestine. Under normal conditions, the bacteria that produce gas are limited to the colon. In some medical conditions, these bacteria spread into the small intestine. When this bacterial spread occurs, food reaches the bacteria before it can be fully digested and absorbed by the small intestine. Therefore, the bacteria in the small intestine have a lot of undigested food from which to form gas. This condition in which the gas-producing bacteria move into the small intestine is called bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine (bowel)
   

Excessive production of gas by bacteria is usually accompanied by more flatulence. Increased flatulence may not always occur, however, since gas potentially can be eliminated in other ways-absorption into the body, utilization by other bacteria, or possibly, by elimination at night without the knowledge of the gas-passer.

Digestive Disorders That Cause Gas

Excessive intestinal gas — belching or flatulence more than 20 times a day — sometimes indicates a digestive disorder such as:

* Celiac disease
* Dumping syndrome
* Food intolerance vs. food allergy: What's the difference?
* Gastroparesis
* GERD
* Irritable bowel syndrome
* Lactose intolerance
* Peptic ulcer
* Short bowel syndrome

How To Reduce The Gas?

Everyone has to contend with some belching and intestinal gas every day.

But if it's really bothering you, or if you feel that the amount of gas you're producing is excessive, there are some steps you can take. There are a few things you can try which may help to reduce digestive gas:

• Avoiding anything that might increase your chances of swallowing air, such as smoking, drinking through straws, and eating too quickly.
• Avoiding or cutting down on problematic foods, such as carbonated drinks, beans, and some raw vegetables.
• Considering a food diary. If you can't figure out what may be causing your increased gas, try keeping a journal of what you eat. You may find one or two foods that seem to increase your symptoms.
• Try cutting back on fried and fatty foods. Often, bloating results from eating fatty foods. Fat delays stomach emptying and can increase the sensation of fullness.
• Increase Bacterial Populations. Buttermilk, kefir, yogurt, and Pro-biotic supplements that contain live bacteria can help to increase healthy bacteria in the colon.
• Eat Slowly. Eating slowly and chewing your food well can help to cut down on the amount of air that you may swallow.
• Increase fluid intake. Fluids are the basis of mucus that helps to moisturize the colon lining. This helps promote healthy bacterial growth. Caution: Drinking a lot of fluid quickly in a very shot period of time can cause painful stomach gas.
• Try a cup of peppermint tea. Peppermint oil contains menthol, which appears to have an antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscles of your digestive tract. You may find that a warm cup of peppermint tea can provide relief from gas and gas pain. On the other hand, peppermint may contribute to heartburn and acid reflux
• Exercise. Movement, even walking, can help your body to release trapped gases.
• Massage. Gentle abdominal massage can help to reduce painful trapped gas.
• Medicines are available to help reduce symptoms, including antacids with simethicone and activated charcoal. Antacids, such as Mylanta II, Maalox II, and Di-Gel, contain simethicone, a foaming agent that joins gas bubbles in the stomach so that gas is more easily belched away.
• Consult a Doctor. Talk to your doctor if you are having persistent problems with gas, or if you have excessive gas production.
  

What The Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Gas?

The most common symptoms of gas are:

• Belching.
• Bloating
• Flatulence. Passing out through the anus (flatus).
• Abdominal Pain
• Excessive or foul-smelling air
• Difficult gas evacuation

Belching



Belching, also known as burping, is the act of expelling gas from the stomach out through the mouth. The usual cause of belching is a distended (inflated) stomach caused by swallowed air. The distention of the stomach causes abdominal discomfort, and the belching expels the air and relieves the discomfort. The common reasons for swallowing large amounts of air (aerophagia) are gulping food or drink too rapidly, anxiety, and carbonated beverages. People are often unaware that they are s wallowing air. "Burping" infants during bottle or breast feeding is important in order to expel air in the stomach that has been swallowed with the formula or milk.

Excessive belching is a common gas related complaint that doctors see. Patients who belch a lot accidentally swallow air that gathers in the stomach, and is then released by belching. Often, belching is triggered by an uncomfortable feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen that patients mistake as excessive gas in the stomach. During repeated but ineffective attempts at belching, air is actually drawn into the stomach with increasing discomfort, although some relief may be felt when belching finally does occur. In most of the cases a clear explanation can resolve the problem. The solution is to avoid intentional belching, thereby preventing additional air swallowing. If the upper abdominal discomfort persists, another problem may be present that a doctor will need to diagnose and treat.

Bloating

It is important to distinguish between bloating and distention. Bloating is the subjective sensation (feeling) that the abdomen is larger than normal. Thus, bloating is a symptom akin to the symptom of discomfort. In contrast, distention is the objective determination (physical finding) that the abdomen is actually larger than normal. Distention can be determined by such observations as the inability to fit into clothes or looking down at the stomach and noting that it is clearly larger than normal. In some instances, bloating may represent a mild form of distention since the abdomen does not become physically (visibly or measurably) enlarged until its volume increases by one quart. Nevertheless, bloating should never be assumed to be the same as distention.

There are three ways in which abdominal distention can arise. The causes are an increase in air, fluid, or tissue within the abdomen. The diseases or conditions that cause an increase of any of these three factors are very different from one anther. Therefore, it is important to determine which of them is distending the abdomen.

Flatulence

Flatulence, also known as farting, is the act of passing intestinal gas from the anus. Gas in the gastrointestinal tract has only two sources. It is either swallowed air or it is produced by bacteria that normally inhabit the intestines, primarily the colon. Swallowed air is rarely the cause of excessive flatulence. The usual source is the production of excessive gas by intestinal bacteria. The bacteria produce the gas (hydrogen and/or methane) when they digest foods, primarily sugars and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose), that have not been digested during passage through the small intestine. Sugars that are commonly poorly digested (maldigested) and malabsorbed are lactose, sorbitol, and fructose. Lactose is the sugar in milk. The absence of the enzyme lactase in the lining of the intestines, which is a genetic trait, causes the maldigestion. Lactase is important because it breaks apart the lactose so that it can be absorbed. Sorbitol is a commonly used sweetener in low calorie foods. Fructose is a commonly used sweetener in all types of candies and drinks.

Starches are another common source of intestinal gas. Starches are polysaccharides that are produced by plants and are composed of long chains of sugars. Common sources of different types of starch include wheat, oats, potatoes, corn, and rice. Rice is the most easily digested starch and little undigested rice starch reaches the colon and the colonic bacteria. Accordingly, the consumption of rice produces little gas. In contrast, the starches in wheat, oats, potatoes, and, to a lesser extent, corn, all reach the colon and the bacteria in substantial amounts. These starches, therefore, result in the production of appreciable amounts of gas.

The starch in whole grains produces more gas than the starch in refined (purified) grains. Thus, more gas is formed after eating foods made with whole wheat flour than with refined wheat flour. This difference in gas production probably occurs because the fiber present in the whole grain flour slows the digestion of starch as it travels through the small intestine. Much of this fiber is removed during the processing of whole grains into refined flour. Finally, certain fruits and vegetables, for example, cabbage, also contain poorly digested starches that reach the colon and result in the formation of gas.

Most vegetables and fruits contain cellulose, another type of polysaccharide that is not digested at all as it passes through the small intestine. However, unlike sugars and other starches, cellulose is used only very slowly by colonic bacteria. Therefore, the production of gas after the consumption of fruits and vegetables usually is not great unless the fruits and vegetables also contain sugars or polysaccharides other than cellulose.

Too much and/or foul-smelling gas -

Some patients complain of bad smelling air, which may become socially disabling. Odor stems from the presence of small quantities of sulfide substances that are produced by specific bacteria in the colon. Other patients complain of too much passage of gas through the anus. The frequency of anal gas evacuation in healthy subjects varies depending on the diet, but is usually around twenty times per day. There are parts in the normal diet that are not completely absorbed in the small bowel and are fermented in the colon. These tend to increase gas production and include:

* Fermentable dietary fiber.
* Dietary starch.
* Complex carbohydrates, that appear to be the most important source of gas, in beans.
* Sugars such as sorbitol and fructose.

Furthermore some substances contained in beans block the intestinal enzyme that normally digests starch so that starch cannot be absorbed in the small bowel and passes into the colon, where it is fermented increasing gas production.

Some diseases, which are easily recognizable by a doctor, affect the normal absorption of nutrients within the small bowel. Patients with these usually treatable diseases may have excessive gas production and evacuation. Regardless of the cause, those with increased gas production and evacuation do not complain of abdominal symptoms unless they have associated irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), because healthy subjects handle most gas loads without difficulty or symptoms.

Abdominal pain and discomfort

Some people have pain when gas is present in the intestine. When pain is on the left side of the colon, it can be confused with heart disease. When the pain is on the right side of the colon, it may mimic gallstones or appendicitis.

Difficult gas evacuation

While some patients have excess gas, others find gas difficult to get rid of. The process of gas evacuation requires effective muscle-nerve coordination, which not everybody has. Lack of coordination may also produce constipation with retention of stool. In some patients these problems can be resolved by biofeedback treatment. When normal coordination is restored there is also less retention of stool, which in turn leads to reduced fermentation time and reduced gas production.
Abdominal gas symptoms in IBS and related syndromes

Patients with functional GI disorders such as IBS frequently attribute their abdominal symptoms to gas. Bloating, for instance, where the abdomen feels distended and full, is one the most common and bothersome complaints in many patients with functional GI disorders. These patients usually feel gas as the cause of their symptoms, but there is little experimental evidence to support this feeling.

How To Treatment Gastrointestinal Gas?

Medical Treatment

The goal of treatment of flatulence is to reduce gas and odor. Medical intervention includes treatment with antibiotics if bacterial overgrowth of the GI tract is suspected or evidence of parasitic infection is seen.

* Some promising studies have investigated feeding nonoffensive strains of bacteria to push out the bacteria that are offensive, although no established treatments are available at this time.

* Regulation of bowel function is essential. Constipation should be treated with increased dietary fiber or certain laxatives.

* In cases where anxiety causes you to swallow air, your doctor may suggest you seek mental health counseling to change habit patterns.

Medications

If you do not desire to avoid the foods that cause gas for you, many nonprescription medicines are available to help reduce symptoms.

• Beano is an enzyme supplement that may be useful with bean ingestion. It contains the sugar-digesting enzyme that the body lacks to digest the sugar in beans and many vegetables. Beano has no effect on gas caused by lactose or fiber. You can buy the enzyme over-the-counter. Add 3-10 drops per serving just before eating to break down the gas-producing sugars.
• Antacids, such as Mylanta II, Maalox II, and Di-Gel, contain simethicone, a foaming agent that joins gas bubbles in the stomach so that gas is more easily belched away. However, these medicines have no effect on intestinal gas. These can be taken before meals. Dosage varies so read the labels.
• Activated charcoal tablets (Charcocaps) may provide relief from gas in the colon. Gas can be reduced if tablets are taken before and after a meal. The usual dose is 2-4 tablets taken just before eating and 1 hour after meals.
• Certain prescription medicines may help reduce symptoms, especially if you have a disorder such as irritable bowel syndrome. Some medicines such as metoclopramide (Clopra) have also been shown to decrease gas complaints by increasing gut activity.
  

resource:
* By Mayo Clinic Staff
* WebMd
* GIResearch
* Asumex
* Fruit Eze
* eMedicine

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Gastritis | Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Definition of Gastritis

Gastritis commonly refers to inflammation of the lining of the stomach, but the term is often used to cover a variety of symptoms resulting from stomach lining inflammation and symptoms of burning or discomfort. True gastritis comes in several forms and is diagnosed using a combination of tests. In the 1990s, scientists discovered that the main cause of true gastritis is infection from a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).



Description of Gastritis

Gastritis should not be confused with common symptoms of upper abdominal discomfort. It has been associated with resulting ulcers, particularly peptic ulcers. And in some cases, chronic gastritis can lead to more serious complications.

1. Nonerosive H. pylori gastritis



The main cause of true gastritis is H. pylori infection. H. pylori is indicated in an average of 90% of patients with chronic gastritis. This form of nonerosive gastritis is the result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacterium, a microorganism whose outer layer is resistant to the normal effects of stomach acid in breaking down bacteria.

The resistance of H. pylori means that the bacterium may rest in the stomach for long periods of times, even years, and eventually cause symptoms of gastritis or ulcers when other factors are introduced, such as the presence of specific genes or ingestion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Study of the role of H. pylori in development of gastritis and peptic ulcers has disproved the former belief that stress lead to most stomach and duodenal ulcers and has resulted in improved treatment and reduction of stomach ulcers. H. pylori is most likely transmitted between humans, although the specific routes of transmission were still under study in early 1998. Studies were also underway to determine the role of H. pylori and resulting chronic gastritis in development of gastric cancer.

2. Erosive and Hemorrhagic Gastritis


After H. pylori, the second most common cause of chronic gastritis is use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These commonly used pain killers, including aspirin, fenoprofen, ibuprofen and naproxen, among others, can lead to gastritis and peptic ulcers. Other forms of erosive gastritis are those due to alcohol and corrosive agents or due to trauma such as ingestion of foreign bodies.

3. Other forms of gastritis

Clinicians differ on the classification of the less common and specific forms of gastritis, particularly since there is so much overlap with H. pylori in development of chronic gastritis and complications of gastritis. Other types of gastritis that may be diagnosed include:

* Acute stress gastritis--the most serious form of gastritis which usually occurs in critically ill patients, such as those in intensive care. Stress erosions may develop suddenly as a result of severe trauma or stress to the stomach lining.

* Atrophic gastritis is the result of chronic gastritis which is leading to atrophy, or decrease in size and wasting away, of the gastric lining. Gastric atrophy is the final stage of chronic gastritis and may be a precursor to gastric cancer.



* Superficial gastritis is a term often used to describe the initial stages of chronic gastritis.

* Uncommon specific forms of gastritis include granulomatous, eosiniphilic and lymphocytic gastritis.

Causes and Symptoms Gastritis

Gastritis can be caused by drinking too much alcohol, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, or infection with bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury, burns, or severe infections. Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, autoimmune disorders, and chronic bile reflux, can cause gastritis as well.

Gastritis is associated with various medications, medical and surgical conditions, physical stresses, social habits, chemicals, and infections. Some of the more common causes of gastritis are listed here.

Medications Gastritis

* Aspirin (more than 300 drug products contain some form of aspirin)
* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen)
* Steroids (prednisone is one example)
* Potassium supplements
* Iron tablets
* Cancer chemotherapy medications

Swallowing poisons or objects

* Corrosives (acid or lye)
* Alcohols of various types
* Swallowed foreign bodies (paper clips or pins)


1. Nonerosive H. pylori gastritis

Causes :

H. pylori gastritis is caused by infection from the H. pylori bacterium. It is believed that most infection occurs in childhood. The route of its transmission was still under study in 1998 and clinicians guessed that there may be more than one route for the bacterium. Its prevalence and distribution differs in nations around the world. The presence of H. pylori has been detected in 86-99% of patients with chronic superficial gastritis. However, physicians are still learning about the link of H. pylori to chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers, since many patients with H. pylori infection do not develop symptoms or peptic ulcers. H. pylori is also seen in 90-100% of patients with duodenal ulcers.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of H. pylori gastritis include abdominal pain and reduced acid secretion in the stomach. However, the majority of patients with H. pylori infection suffer no symptoms, even though the infection may lead to ulcers and resulting symptoms. Ulcer symptoms include dull, gnawing pain, often two to three hours after meals and pain in the middle of the night when the stomach is empty.

2. Erosive and Hemorrhagic Gastritis

Causes:

The most common cause of this form of gastritis is use of NSAIDS. Other causes may be alcoholism or stress from surgery or critical illness. The role of NSAIDS in development of gastritis and peptic ulcers depends on the dose level. Although even low doses of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause some gastric upset, low doses generally will not lead to gastritis. However, as many as 10-30% of patients on higher and more frequent doses of NSAIDS, such as those with chronic arthritis, may develop gastric ulcers. In 1998, studies were underway to understand the role of H. pylori in gastritis and ulcers among patients using NSAIDS.

Patients with erosive gastritis may also show no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include anorexia nervosa, gastric pain, nausea and vomiting.

3. Other Forms of Gastritis

Less common forms of gastritis may result from a number of generalized diseases or from complications of chronic gastritis. Any number of mechanisms may cause various less common forms of gastritis and they may differ slightly in their symptoms and clinical signs. However, they all have in common inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Diagnosis Gastritis

How is gastritis diagnosed?

Gastritis is diagnosed through one or more medical tests:

* Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The doctor eases an endoscope, a thin tube containing a tiny camera, through your mouth (or occasionally nose) and down into your stomach to look at the stomach lining. The doctor will check for inflammation and may remove a tiny sample of tissue for tests. This procedure to remove a tissue sample is called a biopsy.

*Blood test. The doctor may check your red blood cell count to see whether you have anemia, which means that you do not have enough red blood cells. Anemia can be caused by bleeding from the stomach.

* Stool test. This test checks for the presence of blood in your stool, a sign of bleeding. Stool test may also be used to detect the presence of H. pylori in the digestive tract.


1. Nonerosive H. Pylori Gastritis

H. pylori gastritis is easily diagnosed through the use of the urea breath test. This test detects active presence of H. pylori infection. Other serological tests, which may be readily available in a physician's office, may be used to detect H. pylori infection. Newly developed versions offer rapid diagnosis. The choice of test will depend on cost, availability and the physician's experience, since nearly all of the available tests have an accuracy rate of 90% or better. Endoscopy, or the examination of the stomach area using a hollow tube inserted through the mouth, may be ordered to confirm diagnosis. A biopsy of the gastric lining may also be ordered.

2. Erosive or Hemorrhagic Gastritis

Clinical history of the patient may be particularly important in the diagnosis of this type of gastritis, since its cause is most often the result of chronic use of NSAIDS, alcoholism, or other substances.

3. Other forms of Gastritis

Gastritis that has developed to the stage of duodenal or gastric ulcers usually requires endoscopy for diagnosis. It allows the physician to perform a biopsy for possible malignancy and for H. pylori. Sometimes, an upper gastrointestinal x-ray study with barium is ordered. Some diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, an ulcer disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract, may show large mucosal folds in the stomach and duodenum on radiographs or in endoscopy. Other tests check for changes in gastric function.

Treatment of Gastritis

H. Pylori Gastritis

The discovery of H. pylori's role in development of gastritis and ulcers has led to improved treatment of chronic gastritis. In particular, relapse rates for duodenal and gastric ulcers has been reduced with successful treatment of H. pylori infection. Since the infection can be treated with antibiotics, the bacterium can be completely eliminated up to 90% of the time.

Although H. pylori can be successfully treated, the treatment may be uncomfortable for patients and relies heavily on patient compliance. In 1998, studies were underway to identify the best treatment method based on simplicity, patient cooperation and results. No single antibiotic had been found which would eliminate H. pylori on its own, so a combination of antibiotics has been prescribed to treat the infection.

DUAL THERAPY

Dual therapy involves the use of an antibiotic and a proton pump inhibitor. Proton pump inhibitors help reduce stomach acid by halting the mechanism that pumps acid into the stomach. This also helps promote healing of ulcers or inflammation. Dual therapy has not been proven to be as effective as triple therapy, but may be ordered for some patients who can more comfortably handle the use of less drugs and will therefore more likely follow the two-week course of therapy.

TRIPLE THERAPY

As of early 1998, triple therapy was the preferred treatment for patients with H. pylori gastritis. It is estimated that triple therapy successfully eliminates 80-95% of H. pylori cases. This treatment regimen usually involves a two-week course of three drugs. An antibiotic such as amoxicillin or tetracycline, and another antibiotic such as clarithomycin or metronidazole are used in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, a substance found in the over-the-counter medication, Pepto-Bismol, which helps protect the lining of the stomach from acid. Physicians were experimenting with various combinations of drugs and time of treatment to balance side effects with effectiveness. Side effects of triple therapy are not serious, but may cause enough discomfort that patients are not inclined to follow the treatment.

OTHER TREATMENT THERAPIES

Scientists have experimented with quadruple therapy, which adds an antisecretory drug, or one which suppresses gastric secretion, to the standard triple therapy. One study showed this therapy to be effective with only a week's course of treatment in more than 90% of patients. Short course therapy was attempted with triple therapy involving antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor and seemed effective in eliminating H. pylori in one week for more than 90% of patients. The goal is to develop the most effective therapy combination that can work in one week of treatment or less.

MEASURING H. PYLORI TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS

In order to ensure that H. pylori has been eradicated, physicians will test patients following treatment. The breath test is the preferred method to check for remaining signs of H. pylori.

Treatment of erosive gastritis

Since few patients with this form of gastritis show symptoms, treatment may depend on severity of symptoms. When symptoms do occur, patients may be treated with therapy similar to that for H. pylori, especially since some studies have demonstrated a link between H. pylori and NSAIDS in causing ulcers. Avoidance of NSAIDS will most likely be prescribed.

Other forms of gastritis

Specific treatment will depend on the cause and type of gastritis. These may include prednisone or antibiotics. Critically ill patients at high risk for bleeding may be treated with preventive drugs to reduce risk of acute stress gastritis. If stress gastritis does occur, the patient is treated with constant infusion of a drug to stop bleeding. Sometimes surgery is recommended, but is weighed with the possibility of surgical complications or death. Once torrential bleeding occurs in acute stress gastritis, mortality is as high as greater than 60%.

Alternative treatment

Alternative forms of treatment for gastritis and ulcers should be used cautiously and in conjunction with conventional medical care, particularly now that scientists have confirmed the role of H. pylori in gastritis and ulcers. Alternative treatments can help address gastritis symptoms with diet and nutritional supplements, herbal medicine and ayurvedic medicine. It is believed that zinc, vitamin A and beta-carotene aid in the stomach lining's ability to repair and regenerate itself. Herbs thought to stimulate the immune system and reduce inflammation include echinacea (Echinacea spp.) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Ayurvedic medicine involves meditation. There are also certain herbs and nutritional supplements aimed at helping to treat ulcers.

Prognosis

The discovery of H. pylori has improved the prognosis for patients with gastritis and ulcers. Since treatment exists to eradicate the infection, recurrence is much less common. As of 1998, the only patients requiring treatment for H. pylori were those at high risk because of factors such as NSAIDS use or for those with ulcers and other complicating factors or symptoms. Research will continue into the most effective treatment of H. pylori, especially in light of the bacterium's resistance to certain antibiotics. Regular treatment of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers has been recommended, since H. pylori plays such a consistently high role in development of ulcers. It is believed that H. pylori also plays a role in the eventual development of serious gastritis complications and cancer. Detection and treatment of H. pylori infection may help reduce occurrence of these diseases. The prognosis for patients with acute stress gastritis is much poorer, with a 60 percent or higher mortality rate among those bleeding heavily.

Prevention

The widespread detection and treatment of H. pylori as a preventive measure in gastritis has been discussed but not resolved. Until more is known about the routes through which H. pylori is spread, specific prevention recommendations are not available. Erosive gastritis from NSAIDS can be prevented with cessation of use of these drugs. An education campaign was launched in 1998 to educate patients, particularly an aging population of arthritis sufferers, about risk for ulcers from NSAIDS and alternative drugs.

Key Terms

Duodenal
Refers to the duodenum, or the first part of the small intestine.

Gastric
Relating to the stomach.

Mucosa
The mucous membrane, or the thin layer which lines body cavities and passages.

Ulcer
A break in the skin or mucous membrane. It can fester and pus like a sore.

For Your Information

Resources

Periodicals

* Podolski, J. L. "Recent Advances in Peptic Ulcer Disease: H. pylori Infection and Its Treatement." Gastroenterology Nursing 19, no. 4: 128-136.

Organizations

* National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 2 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3570. (800) 891-5389.

Other

* American College of Gastroenterology Page.

* HealthAnswers.com.

Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Published December, 2002 by the Gale Group The Essay Author is Teresa Odle.

This article was updated on 08-14-2006

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Gastrointestinal Disease | Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease

Gastrointestinal Diseases:

• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
• Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Barrett's Esophagus
• Hepatitis
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis)
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Hemorrhoids
• Diverticulosis

What is Gastrointestinal Disease?
By: Dr. Anshu Gupta

Also called: Digestive Diseases

When you eat, your body breaks food down to a form it can use to build and nourish cells and provide energy. This process is called digestion.

Your digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube. It runs from your mouth to your anus and includes your esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Your liver, gallbladder and pancreas are also involved. They produce juices to help digestion.

There are many types of digestive disorders. The symptoms vary widely depending on the problem. In general, you should see your doctor if you have

* Blood in your stool
* Changes in bowel habits
* Severe abdominal pain
* Unintentional weight loss
* Heartburn not relieved by antacids

Gastrointestinal (GI) disease refer to ulcerative disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Stomach acids and some enzymes can damage the lining of the G.I. tract if natural protective factors are not functioning normally.

The GI research strategy focuses on gaining a better understanding of the genetic basis of GI diseases (e.g., Crohn’s disease) and the pathophysiology associated with these diseases, including mucosal barrier function and innate immunity, and on neural control of motility and perception.

GI concentrates on inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as irritable bowel syndrome and gastroparesis.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease are indigestion, heartburn, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain that is often worse after eating, and gastrointestinal bleeding (signs of this are vomiting material that looks like coffee-grounds, or having dark stools). Some other symptoms are acid bile reflux in the throat, asthma-like symptoms, often irritable bowel syndrome, chronic poor digestion with sharp abdominal and chest pains, hoarseness and chronic cough.

Causes of gastrointestinal disease are aspirin use, alcohol and tobacco use, poor diet (to many fried, fatty foods, sugar and refined foods), poor food combining, drinking with meals, over eating especially spicy foods, eating to fast or to often, food allergies, candida overgrowth, stress, serious illness.

Various pathogens, which usually get into our body through contaminated food and water, can produce an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. This manifests itself in diarrhea, often accompanied by pains in the stomach, nausea and vomiting. Among the most frequent pathogens at fault are the e-coli bacteria, salmonella and poison from staphylococcus.

Other causes of gastrointestinal disease may be reflux injury (such as bile backing up into the stomach and esophagus, trauma (for example surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, severe vomiting and having swallowed a foreign object), bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections, pernicious anemia and systemic disease for example (Crohn's) disease.

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Diet For Gastritis

Gastritis Symptoms

Loss of apetite

The main symptoms of gastritis are loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. There is pain and discomfort in the region of the stomach.

Coated tongue, bad breath

Other symptoms are a coated tongue, foul breath, bad taste in the mouth, increased flow of saliva, scanty urination, a general feeling of uneasiness, and mental depression. In more chronic cases, the patient complaints of heartburn and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen, especially after meals. Often there is constipation, but occasionally, there may be diarrhoea due to intestinal catarrah.

Gastritis Causes

Irregular or excessive eating

The most frequent cause of gastritis is a dietetic indiscretion such as habitual overeating; eating of badly combined or improperly cooked foods; excessive intake of strong tea, coffee, or alcoholic drinks; or habitual use of large quantities of condiments and sauces.

Worry, Anxiety

Other causes include worry, anxiety, grief, and prolonged tension, use of certain drugs, strong acids, and caustic substances.

Home remedies for Gastritis

Gastritis treatment using Coconut

Coconut water is an excellent remedy for gastritis. It gives the stomach the necessary rest and provides vitamins and minerals. The stomach is greatly helped in returning to a normal condition if nothing but coconut water is given during the first twenty-four hours.

Gastritis treatment using Rice

Rice gruel is another excellent remedy for acute cases of gastritis. One cup of rice gruel is recommended twice daily. In chronic cases where the flow of gastric juice is meagre, such foods as require prolonged vigorous mastication are beneficial as they induce a greater flow of gastric juice.

Gastritis treatment using Potato

Potato juice has been found valuable in relieving gastritis. The recommended dose is half a cup of the juice, two or three times daily, half an hour before meals.

Gastritis treatment using Marigold

The herb marigold is also considered beneficial in the treatment of gastritis. An infusion of the herb in doses of a tablespoon may be taken twice daily.

Gastritis Diet

Fasting, Water

The patient should undertake a fast for two of three days or more, depending on the severity of the condition. He should be given only warm water to drink during this period. This will give rest to the stomach and allow the toxic condition causing the inflammation to subside.

All-fruit diet

After the acute symptoms subside, the patient should adopt an all-fruit diet for the next three days and take juicy fruits such as apples, pears, grapes, grapefruit, oranges, pineapple, peaches, and melons.

Avoid alcohol, tobacco, spices, meat, sweet, strong tea/coffee

The patient should avoid the use of alcohol, tobacco, spices and condiments, meat, red pepper, sour foods, pickles, strong tea and coffee. He should also avoid sweet, pastries, rich cakes, and, aerated waters.

Have curd and cottage cheese

Yoghurt and cottage cheese should be used freely. Too many different foods should not be mixed at the same meal. Meals should be taken at least two hours before going to bed at night. Eight to ten glasses of water should be taken daily but water should not be taken with meals as it dilutes the digestive juices and delays digestion. Above all, haste should be avoided while eating and meals should be served in a pleasing and relaxed atmosphere.

Well-balanced diet

He may, thereafter, gradually embark upon a balanced diet consisting of seeds, nuts, grains, vegetables, and fruits.

Other Gastritis Treatment

Warm-water enema, dry-friction

From the commencement of the treatment, a warm-water enema should be used daily for about a week to cleanse the bowels.The patient should be given dry friction and a sponge daily.

Application of heat with a hot compress or hot water bottle

Application of heat with a hot compress or hot water bottle, twice a daily, either on an empty stomach or two hours after meals, will also be beneficial.

Avoid hard physical, mental work, worries.

The patient should not undertake any hard physical and mental work.He should avoid worries and mental tension.

Breathing exercises are essential

He should, however, undertake breathing and other light exercises like walking, swimming, and golf.

resource : Home Remedies

Diet for Gastritis by Diet Health Club:

After the acute symptoms subside, the patient should adopt an all-fruit diet for further three days. Juicy fruits such as apples, pears, grapes, grapefruits, oranges, pineapples, peaches and melons may be taken during this period at five-hourly intervals.

The patient can, there¬ after, gradually embark upon a well-balanced diet of three basic food groups, namely; seeds, nuts and grains, vegetables and fruits as outlined in Chapter 1 on Diet in health and Disease.

The patient should avoid the use of alcohol, nicotine, pieces and condiments, flesh foods, chillis, sour things, pickles, strong tea and coffee. He should also avoid sweets, pastries, rich cakes and aerated waters. Yoghurt and cottage cheese may be taken freely.

Carrot juice in combination with the juice of spinach Is considered highly beneficial in the treatment of gastritis. Six ounces of spinach juice should be mixed with ten ounces of carrot juice in this combination.

Too many different foods should not be• mixed at the same meal. Meals should be taken at least two hours before going to bed at night.

Eight to ten glasses of water should be taken daily but water should not be taken with meals as it dilutes the digestive juices and delays digestion. And above all, haste should be avoided while eating and meals should be served in a pleasing and relaxed atmosphere.

From the commencement of the treatment, a warm water enema should be used daily for about a week to cleanse the bowels. If constipation is habitual, all steps should be taken for its eradication. The patient should be given daily dry friction and sponge. Application of heat, through hot compressor or hot water bottle twice a day either on an empty stomach or two hours after meals, will also be beneficial.

The patient should not undertake any hard physical and mental work. He should, however, undertake breathing exercises and other light exercises like walking, swimming and golf. He should avoid worries and mental tension.

TREATMENT CHART FOR GASTRITIS
A - DIET

I. An all-fruit diet for five days. Take three meals a day of fresh-juicy fruits at five-hourly intervals and use warm water enema during this period.


II. After an exclusive fresh fruit diet, gradually adopt a well-balanced diet on the following lines:-

1. Upon arising: 25 black raisins soaked overnight in water along with water kept overnight in a copper vessel.

2. Breakfast: Fresh fruit and a glass of milk, sweetened with honey.

3. Lunch: A bowl of freshly-prepared steamed vegetable, two or three whole wheat wheat tortilla and a glass of buttermilk.

4. Mid-afternoon: A glass of carrot juice or coconut water.

5. Dinner: A large bowl of fresh green vegetable salad with lemon juice dressing, green gram bean sprouts, cottage cheese or a glass of buttermilk.

6. Bedtime Snack: A glass of milk or one apple.

B - OTHER MEASURES

1. I do not take water with milk, but half an hour before and one hour after a meal.

2. Never hurry through a meal, never eat to full stomach.

3. And do not eat if appetite is lacking.

4. Wet girdle pack for one hour during night daily.

5. Cold hipbath for 10 minutes.

6. Yogic asanas such as uttanpadasana, pavanmuktasana, vajrasana, Yogamudra, bhujangasana, shalabhasana and shavasana.

resource : Diet Health Club

THERAPEUTIC FOOD AND JUICES for GASTRITIS

Gastric distress in stomach owing to excess gas and acid formed by incompatible combinations of foods, stimulating spices, alcohol, coffee and other irritants.

Cleansing-detox is the very first step towards resolving this issue followed by a rejuvenation-diet.

The below foods and juices are therapeutic and healing after your cleansing.

Yogurt: soothes inflammation; neutralizes toxic gas and acids; promotes efficient digestion. Plain yogurt only, may be flavored with a little molasses, if desired.

Carrot, beet and cucumber juice: powerful alkalizing blend; neutralizes stomach acidity; promotes digestion in stagnant stomach; 10 oz/3 oz/3 oz, 1-2 pints daily.

Spinach (raw or juice): detoxifies intestinal tract; restores pH balance; soothes inflammation; consume raw in salad, or as juice, 6 oz with 10 oz carrot juice, 1-2 pints daily.

Grapes: dark grapes, raw 1-2 pounds daily, with no other food, for 1-3 days; or raw juice equivalent; powerful organic alkalizing and detoxifying elements.

Apple cider vinegar: contains malic acid (all other vinegar's contain acetic acid), which is highly beneficial to digestion; balances stomach pH; 2 tsp. in glass of water, 2-3 times daily as needed.

Other beneficial foods: almonds, molasses, raw apples, raw tomatoes, papaya.

Foods to avoid: deep fat fried foods; pickled and smoked foods; salt preserved foods; vinegar (except apple cider vinegar); hot peppers, mustard, alcohol, coffee, sweet carbonated soft drinks.

resource: HPS Health

Herbal Remedies:



Amla (Indian Goosbery): Amla is the richest natural source of Vitamin C. It prevents Indigestion and controls acidity as well as it’s a natural source of anti-ageing. It is one of the supplement used in hyperacidity and Liver disorders. Amla is found to be one of the strongest rejuvenatives in Indian pharmacopoeia.



Ginger (Zingiber officinale) – In India, ginger has been used to aid digestion and treat stomach upset as well as nausea for more than 5,000 years. This herb is also thought to reduce inflammation.



Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) - this herb is a demulcent (soothing, coating agent) that has long been valued for its use in food and medicinal remedies, including treatments for stomach ailments.

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